Na and P binary-doped g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> composites for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B and Direct Orange 46 dye chemicals

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Zenkin K., Basaran Dindas G., Emre D., Durmuş S., Yatmaz H. C., Bilici A.

CHEMICAL PAPERS, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus) identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Basım Tarihi: 2026
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s11696-026-04786-6
  • Dergi Adı: CHEMICAL PAPERS
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core
  • Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

The design and synthesis of innovative photocatalyst systems are crucial for the removal of pollutants from wastewater. In this study, sodium and phosphorous co-doped g-C3N4@CoFe2O4 (NaPCN@CFO) composite photocatalysts with the four different composition ratios (containing 5, 10, 20, and 50% CFO contents as weight) were prepared and used as photocatalysts for the decolorization of Rhodamine B (Rh-B) and Direct Orange 46 (DO-46) organic dyes. NaPCN, CFO, and NaPCN@CFO composites were prepared by thermal polymerization, hydrothermal treatment, and simple ultrasonic mixing, respectively. UV-DRS, PL, FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, EDS mapping, XPS, BET, pHPZC, and zeta sizer measurements confirmed the successful formation of the composites. The effects of varying CFO contents on the nanocomposite structure and photocatalytic properties were investigated. The photocatalytic activity for Rh-B decolorization decreased as the CFO content in the composite catalyst increased, with the highest color removal efficiency (86%) achieved by NaPCN@CFO-5. In contrast, for DO-46, the removal efficiency was enhanced, reaching 92% for NaPCN@CFO-5 and NaPCN@CFO-10, but decreased for higher CFO loadings (75% for NaPCN@CFO-20 and 60% for NaPCN@CFO-50). These findings suggested that although increasing the CFO content did not significantly improve the decolorization of the cationic dye (Rh-B), it enhanced the efficiency of the anionic dye (DO-46), underscoring the importance of dye structure and catalyst composition in photocatalytic processes.